This report provides a comparative analysis of autonomous weapon systems (AWS) and artificial intelligence-enabled decision support systems (AI-DSS) used in in military targeting. It examines how both technologies shape human roles in decision making about the use of force, assesses their respective risks of unintended harm and analyses the key issues they raise under international law. By mapping the key similarities and differences between AWS and AI-DSS—particularly in their deployment across different phases of the targeting cycle—the report clarifies where existing policy frameworks apply and where gaps remain. It outlines three options for policymakers with regards to AI-DSS: integrate AI-DSS into current AWS processes, establish a dedicated track for AI-DSS or pursue no targeted response. The report concludes with three actionable recommendations aimed at supporting responsible governance: explore the need for a separate multilateral process for AI-DSS, build on lessons from AWS governance and prioritize research to guide the responsible integration of AI into military decision making.

Table of contents

1. Introduction

2. Characterization

3. Risks of unintended harm

4. Legal aspects

5. Policy responses

6. Key findings and recommendations